Define the following terms: (i) Ideal solution (ii) Molarity (M)

What are colligative properties? Write the colligative property which is used to find the molecular mass of macromolecules.

What is meant by elevation in boiling point? Why is it a colligative property?

(i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why ? (ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes ?

Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.

Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law ? Give an example.

Derive expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile.

State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes ?

What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law ? Give an example. What is the sign of $\Delta_{\mathrm{mix}}$H for positive deviation ?

Why a mixture of Carbon disulphide and acetone shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law? What type of azeotrope is formed by this mixture?

(i) Following reactions occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous silver chloride solution : $\mathbf{Ag}^{+}(\mathbf{aq})+\mathbf{e}^{-}\rightarrow\mathbf{Ag}(\mathbf{s})\qquad\qquad\mathbf{E}^{\circ}$ = +0.80 V $\mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{e}^{-}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{g})~~~~~~~~~\mathrm{E}^{\circ}$ = 0.00 V On the basis of their standard reduction electrode potential (E°) values, which reaction is feasible at the cathode and why ? (ii) Define limiting molar conductivity. Why conductivity of an electrolyte solution decreases with the decrease in concentration ?

Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate and write the ionic equations for its reaction with (i) an iodide (ii) H₂S.

Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate. How does the acidified permanganate solution react with oxalic acid ? Write the ionic equations for the reactions.

Following reactions can occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous silver nitrate solution using Pt electrodes:

In a galvanic cell, the following cell reactions occurs: $\mathbf{Zn}(s)+2\mathbf{A}\mathbf{g}^{+}(\mathbf{a}\mathbf{q})\rightarrow\mathbf{Zn}^{2+}(\mathbf{a}\mathbf{q})+2\mathbf{A}\mathbf{g}(s)$ E°cell = +1.56 V (i) Is the direction of flow of electrons from zinc to silver or silver to zinc? (ii) How will concentration of Zn²⁺ ions and Ag⁺ ions be affected when the cell functions?